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critical 9.8

CVE-2025-31651 json

Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve

published last yr. modified last mo. also BIT-tomcat-2025-31651 , EUVD-2025-13626 , GHSA-ff77-26x5-69cr

cvss
9.8
version 3.1, CNA
cisa kev
Not listed
not in CISA's catalog
epss
4.3%
EPSS 4.3% chance of exploitation in 30 days, percentile 91%
public exploits
0
none known

Summary

Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed.

This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected.

Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.

Patch / fix

  • maven org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina 9.0.104, 10.1.40, 11.0.6
  • maven org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core 9.0.104, 10.1.40, 11.0.6
  • bitnami tomcat 9.0.104, 10.1.40, 11.0.6
  • apache tomcat-catalina 9.0.104, 10.1.40, 11.0.6
  • apache tomcat 9.0.104, 10.1.40, 11.0.6
  • org.apache.tomcat tomcat-catalina 9.0.104, 10.1.40, 11.0.6
  • apache tomcat-embed-core 9.0.104, 10.1.40, 11.0.6
  • org.apache.tomcat.embed tomcat-embed-core 9.0.104, 10.1.40, 11.0.6
  • tomcat9 Debian 14, Debian 13, Debian 12 9.0.70-2
  • tomcat10 Debian 14, Debian 13, Debian 12 10.1.40-1
  • tomcat11 Debian 14, Debian 13 11.0.6-1

debian advisories DEBIAN-CVE-2025-31651

  • tomcat10 Ubuntu Pro 24.04 LTS 10.1.16-1ubuntu0.1~esm3

ubuntu advisories UBUNTU-CVE-2025-31651

Ubuntu security data © Canonical Ltd., from https://github.com/canonical/ubuntu-security-notices via OSV; changed: normalised to fixed package versions per release. CC BY-SA 4.0

  • tomcat9 RHEL 10.1 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
  • tomcat9-lib RHEL 10.1 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
  • tomcat9-webapps RHEL 10.1 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
  • tomcat9-el-3.0-api RHEL 10.1 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
  • tomcat9-docs-webapp RHEL 10.1 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
  • tomcat9-jsp-2.3-api RHEL 10.1 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
  • tomcat9-admin-webapps RHEL 10.1 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
  • tomcat9-servlet-4.0-api RHEL 10.1 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1

red hat advisories RHSA-2026:2726RHSA-2026:2725RHSA-2026:2724RHSA-2026:0292RHSA-2026:0293RHSA-2025:23052

  • tomcat SLE Module for Web and Scripting 15 SP7, SLE Module for Web and Scripting 15 SP6, SLE High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS +13 more 9.0.104-150200.81.1
  • tomcat10 SLE Module for Web and Scripting 15 SP7, SLE Module for Web and Scripting 15 SP6, SLE High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS +4 more 10.1.40-150200.5.40.1
  • tomcat SLES LTSS Extended Security 12 SP5, SLES 12 SP5-LTSS 9.0.115-3.160.1
  • tomcat SLES LTSS Extended Security 12 SP5 9.0.36-3.142.1

suse advisories SUSE-SU-2026:1058-1SUSE-SU-2025:01882-1SUSE-SU-2025:01521-1SUSE-SU-2025:01537-1SUSE-SU-2025:1537-1SUSE-SU-2025:1521-1

  • tomcat openSUSE Tumbleweed 9.0.104-1.1
  • tomcat10 openSUSE Tumbleweed 10.1.40-1.1

opensuse advisories openSUSE-SU-2025:15048-1openSUSE-SU-2025:15049-1

  • tomcat AlmaLinux 8 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
  • tomcat-lib AlmaLinux 8 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
  • tomcat-webapps AlmaLinux 8 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
  • tomcat-el-3.0-api AlmaLinux 8 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
  • tomcat-docs-webapp AlmaLinux 8 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
  • tomcat-jsp-2.3-api AlmaLinux 8 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
  • tomcat-admin-webapps AlmaLinux 8 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
  • tomcat-servlet-4.0-api AlmaLinux 8 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7

almalinux advisories ALSA-2025:23048ALSA-2025:23049ALSA-2025:23050ALSA-2025:23052

  • tomcat Rocky Linux 8 1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7
  • tomcat Rocky Linux 10 1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1
  • tomcat9 Rocky Linux 10 1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1
  • tomcat Rocky Linux 9 1:9.0.87-6.el9_7.1

rocky linux advisories RLSA-2025:23048RLSA-2025:23050RLSA-2025:23052RLSA-2025:23049

Is CVE-2025-31651 in your dependencies? Fencer shows which of your repositories are affected as soon as an advisory lands, and opens the fix as a pull request.

Check with Fencer

Vendor advisories

What the vendors themselves say about their products: affected, fixed or not affected, and what to do.

red hat product security vex CVE-2025-31651 updated cvss 5.3

tomcat: Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve

  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 tomcat6, tomcat6-lib, tomcat6-log4j, tomcat6-javadoc, tomcat6-webapps, tomcat6-el-2.1-api, +4 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 tomcat, tomcat-lib, tomcat-jsvc, tomcat-javadoc, tomcat-webapps, tomcat-el-2.2-api, +4 more
    affected: workaround, no fix planned “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.”
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 pki-servlet-engine, pki-servlet-4.0-api Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 pki-servlet-engine, pki-servlet-4.0-api
    affected: workaround, no fix available “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.”
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8) tomcat 9.0.87-1.el8_10.7, tomcat-lib 9.0.87-1.el8_10.7, tomcat-webapps 9.0.87-1.el8_10.7, tomcat-el-3.0-api 9.0.87-1.el8_10.7, tomcat-docs-webapp 9.0.87-1.el8_10.7, tomcat-jsp-2.3-api 9.0.87-1.el8_10.7, +2 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:23048
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) tomcat 9.0.87-6.el9_7.1, tomcat-lib 9.0.87-6.el9_7.1, tomcat-webapps 9.0.87-6.el9_7.1, tomcat-el-3.0-api 9.0.87-6.el9_7.1, tomcat-docs-webapp 9.0.87-6.el9_7.1, tomcat-jsp-2.3-api 9.0.87-6.el9_7.1, +2 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:23049
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 10) tomcat 10.1.36-3.el10_1.1, tomcat9 9.0.87-8.el10_1.1, tomcat-lib 10.1.36-3.el10_1.1, tomcat9-lib 9.0.87-8.el10_1.1, tomcat-webapps 10.1.36-3.el10_1.1, tomcat9-webapps 9.0.87-8.el10_1.1, +10 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:23050
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream AUS (v. 8.2) slf4j 1.7.25-4.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, stax-ex 1.7.7-8.module+el8.2.0+5723+4574fbff, velocity 1.7-24.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, bea-stax 1.2.0-16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, xalan-j2 2.7.1-38.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, javassist 3.18.1-8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, +33 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2026:2725
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream AUS (v.8.4) slf4j 1.7.25-4.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, stax-ex 1.7.7-8.module+el8.2.0+5723+4574fbff, velocity 1.7-24.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, bea-stax 1.2.0-16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, xalan-j2 2.7.1-38.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, javassist 3.18.1-8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, +34 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2026:2724
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream AUS (v.8.6) slf4j 1.7.25-4.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, stax-ex 1.7.7-8.module+el8.2.0+5723+4574fbff, velocity 1.7-24.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, bea-stax 1.2.0-16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, xalan-j2 2.7.1-38.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, javassist 3.18.1-8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, +34 more Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.8.6) slf4j 1.7.25-4.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, stax-ex 1.7.7-8.module+el8.2.0+5723+4574fbff, velocity 1.7-24.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, bea-stax 1.2.0-16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, xalan-j2 2.7.1-38.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, javassist 3.18.1-8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, +34 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2026:2726
show 13 more
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.8.8) tomcat 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, tomcat-lib 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, tomcat-webapps 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, tomcat-el-3.0-api 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, tomcat-docs-webapp 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, tomcat-jsp-2.3-api 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, +2 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:23045
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.0) pki-servlet-engine 9.0.43-4.el9_0.2, pki-servlet-4.0-api 9.0.43-4.el9_0.2
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2026:0292
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.2) tomcat 9.0.87-1.el9_2.7, tomcat-lib 9.0.87-1.el9_2.7, tomcat-webapps 9.0.87-1.el9_2.7, tomcat-el-3.0-api 9.0.87-1.el9_2.7, pki-servlet-engine 9.0.50-1.el9_2.3, tomcat-docs-webapp 9.0.87-1.el9_2.7, +4 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2026:0293
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v. 10.0) tomcat 10.1.36-1.el10_0.3, tomcat9 9.0.87-5.el10_0.4, tomcat-lib 10.1.36-1.el10_0.3, tomcat9-lib 9.0.87-5.el10_0.4, tomcat-webapps 10.1.36-1.el10_0.3, tomcat9-webapps 9.0.87-5.el10_0.4, +10 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:23051
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.4) tomcat 9.0.87-1.el9_4.7, tomcat-lib 9.0.87-1.el9_4.7, tomcat-webapps 9.0.87-1.el9_4.7, tomcat-el-3.0-api 9.0.87-1.el9_4.7, tomcat-docs-webapp 9.0.87-1.el9_4.7, tomcat-jsp-2.3-api 9.0.87-1.el9_4.7, +2 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:23047
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.6) tomcat 9.0.87-3.el9_6.4, tomcat-lib 9.0.87-3.el9_6.4, tomcat-webapps 9.0.87-3.el9_6.4, tomcat-el-3.0-api 9.0.87-3.el9_6.4, tomcat-docs-webapp 9.0.87-3.el9_6.4, tomcat-jsp-2.3-api 9.0.87-3.el9_6.4, +2 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:23044
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS EXTENSION (v.8.4) slf4j 1.7.25-4.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, stax-ex 1.7.7-8.module+el8.2.0+5723+4574fbff, velocity 1.7-24.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, bea-stax 1.2.0-16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, xalan-j2 2.7.1-38.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, javassist 3.18.1-8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, +34 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2026:2724
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream TUS (v.8.6) slf4j 1.7.25-4.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, stax-ex 1.7.7-8.module+el8.2.0+5723+4574fbff, velocity 1.7-24.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, bea-stax 1.2.0-16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, xalan-j2 2.7.1-38.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, javassist 3.18.1-8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c, +34 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2026:2726
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream TUS (v.8.8) tomcat 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, tomcat-lib 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, tomcat-webapps 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, tomcat-el-3.0-api 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, tomcat-docs-webapp 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, tomcat-jsp-2.3-api 9.0.87-1.el8_8.8, +2 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:23045
  • Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server jws5-tomcat 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws, jws5-tomcat-lib 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws, jws5-tomcat-javadoc 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws, jws5-tomcat-selinux 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws, jws5-tomcat-webapps 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws, jws5-tomcat-java-jdk8 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws, +6 more Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8 jws5-tomcat 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws, jws5-tomcat-lib 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws, jws5-tomcat-javadoc 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws, jws5-tomcat-selinux 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws, jws5-tomcat-webapps 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws, jws5-tomcat-el-3.0-api 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws, +4 more Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 9 jws5-tomcat 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el9jws, jws5-tomcat-lib 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el9jws, jws5-tomcat-javadoc 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el9jws, jws5-tomcat-selinux 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el9jws, jws5-tomcat-webapps 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el9jws, jws5-tomcat-el-3.0-api 9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el9jws, +4 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:22925
  • Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8.6
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:22924
  • Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 8 jws6-tomcat 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el8jws, jws6-tomcat-lib 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el8jws, jws6-tomcat-javadoc 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el8jws, jws6-tomcat-selinux 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el8jws, jws6-tomcat-webapps 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el8jws, jws6-tomcat-el-5.0-api 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el8jws, +4 more Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 9 jws6-tomcat 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el9jws, jws6-tomcat-lib 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el9jws, jws6-tomcat-javadoc 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el9jws, jws6-tomcat-selinux 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el9jws, jws6-tomcat-webapps 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el9jws, jws6-tomcat-el-5.0-api 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el9jws, +4 more Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10 jws6-tomcat 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws, jws6-tomcat-lib 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws, jws6-tomcat-javadoc 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws, jws6-tomcat-selinux 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws, jws6-tomcat-webapps 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws, jws6-tomcat-el-5.0-api 10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws, +4 more
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:19809
  • Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1.3
    fixed: vendor fix “No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.” RHSA-2025:19810

Red Hat CSAF VEX © Red Hat, Inc., from https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/; changed: reduced to product statuses and remediations. CC BY 4.0 · csaf

CISA SSVC

Exploitation
none
Automatable
yes
Technical impact
total
Assessed
last yr.

Exploit prediction

4.26% chance of exploitation in the next 30 days, higher than 91% of all scored CVEs (FIRST EPSS, 2026-11-09).

CVSS scores

assigned by version score vector
CISA ADP 3.1 9.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
NVD 3.1 9.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
CNA 3.1 9.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
OSV 3.1 9.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Affected packages

ecosystem package affected fixed in
maven org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina
>=9.0.76, <9.0.104
>=10.1.10, <10.1.40
>=11.0.0-M2, <11.0.6
>=8.5.0, <=8.5.100
9.0.104
10.1.40
11.0.6
maven org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core
>=9.0.76, <9.0.104
>=10.1.10, <10.1.40
>=11.0.0-M2, <11.0.6
>=8.5.0, <=8.5.100
9.0.104
10.1.40
11.0.6
bitnami tomcat
<9.0.104
>=10.0.0, <10.1.40
>=11.0.0, <11.0.6
9.0.104
10.1.40
11.0.6

Affected products

  • Apache Software Foundation Apache Tomcat

Classification

Weakness
  • CWE-116 Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
  • CWE-150 Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences

References

Sources

Fencer Intel keeps one entry per vulnerability: the CVE id wins, then GHSA, and records that alias each other are merged, except that two CVEs always keep separate entries. The same data is available as JSON.

CPEs and fixed versions use Anchore's correction of NVD's data: Added CPE configurations because not yet analyzed by NVD.